Weed Type: Broadleaf

DESCRIPTION

White clover, also known as “shamrock,” is a small plant with leaves made up of three small leaflets that are usually white or light green in color. It often grows in patches in lawns or fields and is easily recognizable by its distinctive shape. White clover is known for attracting bees and other pollinators with its sweet nectar, and is sometimes used as a natural fertilizer due to its ability to fix nitrogen in the soil. It’s a common sight in many parts of the world and is often associated with good luck and St. Patrick’s Day celebrations.

HOW TO IDENTIFY

White clover is relatively easy to identify because of its distinct three-leafed pattern, which is often associated with the symbol of the Irish shamrock. Its leaves grow on long, thin stems and each leaf has three small, heart-shaped leaflets that are light green in color. The plant grows to about 6-8 inches in height, and it often forms large patches in lawns or fields. In the summer months, it produces clusters of small, white or pinkish flowers that are easily recognizable by their round, fuzzy shape. When in bloom, the flowers attract bees and other pollinators, making them another helpful identifying feature. Overall, the combination of the three-leafed pattern, light green leaves, and fuzzy white flowers make white clover a distinctive and easily identifiable plant.

Mechanical Control Recommendations

It’s essential to remember that mechanical control alone may not entirely eliminate Poa annua, especially in areas where the grass is actively managed, like golf courses and sports fields. Combining mechanical methods with chemical control and cultural practices can offer more effective long-term management. Always follow best practices and local regulations when using herbicides or pesticides. For large-scale control efforts, it’s a good idea to consult with a professional turfgrass manager or horticulturist.

Hand pulling For small infestations, hand pulling can be effective. Ensure you remove the entire root system to prevent regrowth. This method is labor-intensive and may not be suitable for large areas. Mowing Frequent mowing can prevent Trifolium repens from flowering and producing seeds. However, this method might not eliminate the weed entirely, as it can regenerate from its stolons (above-ground runners). Tilling Tilling the soil can help disrupt the root system of Trifolium repens. However, tilling can also bring buried seeds to the surface, leading to more plants in the long run. Combine tilling with other methods for better results. Mulching Apply a thick layer of organic mulch (such as wood chips or straw) to smother the weed and prevent sunlight from reaching it. This can weaken or kill the Trifolium repens plants over time. Solarization If the infestation is severe, you can use solarization to kill Trifolium repens and other weeds. Cover the area with a clear plastic sheet and leave it in place for several weeks during hot, sunny weather. The accumulated heat will kill the weeds by raising soil temperatures. Flame Weeding This involves using a propane torch to apply controlled heat to the weeds. It’s important to exercise caution and use this method selectively to avoid damaging desirable plants. Lawn renovation In severe cases, when Poa annua has taken over a large area, complete lawn renovation may be necessary. This involves killing off the existing vegetation, tilling the soil, and reseeding with desirable grass species. Manual Removal Tools Tools like hoes or weed pullers can help you target individual Trifolium repens plants and remove them more easily. Pre-emergent herbicides

Isoxaben: This herbicide inhibits cell wall synthesis in germinating weed seeds. It’s often used to control broadleaf weeds like Trifolium repens. Products containing isoxaben are typically applied as granules or in liquid form. Pendimethalin: This herbicide forms a barrier in the soil that prevents weed seeds from germinating. It’s effective against a variety of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, including Trifolium repens. Prodiamine: Prodiamine is another pre-emergent herbicide that works by inhibiting cell division in germinating weed seeds. It’s commonly used to control annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds, including white clover. Dithiopyr: This herbicide prevents cell division and elongation in germinating weed seeds. It’s effective against a range of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, making it suitable for controlling Trifolium repens. Oxadiazon: Oxadiazon inhibits the growth of germinating weed seeds by disrupting cell division. It can be used to control various annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, including white clover. Benefin + Trifluralin: This combination of herbicides provides a broad-spectrum pre-emergent control against various weed seeds, including Trifolium repens.

Post-emergent herbicides

2,4-D: This is a selective herbicide that primarily targets broadleaf weeds like Trifolium repens. It’s commonly used in lawn care products and can help control white clover. Dicamba: Another selective herbicide, dicamba is effective against many broadleaf weeds, including Trifolium repens. It’s often used in combination with other herbicides for enhanced control. Clopyralid: This herbicide is specifically formulated to control clover and other legume weeds. It’s commonly used in turfgrass and non-crop settings. MCPA: Similar to 2,4-D, MCPA is a selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds. It can help control Trifolium repens in lawns and other managed areas. Glyphosate: Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that kills most types of plants, including Trifolium repens. It should be used with caution in areas where you want to preserve desirable plants, as it can affect both weeds and non-weeds. Quinclorac: While primarily used to control annual grasses, quinclorac can also have activity against some broadleaf weeds, including white clover.

Selective herbicides

Clopyralid: This herbicide is known for its effectiveness against clover and other legume weeds. It’s relatively selective and can provide good control of Trifolium repens without harming grasses in lawns. MCPA: MCPA is a broadleaf herbicide that targets many common broadleaf weeds, including white clover. It’s selective for broadleaf plants and is often used in lawns. Triclopyr: While not as specific to clover, triclopyr is known to have some activity against broadleaf weeds like Trifolium repens. It’s commonly used in broadleaf herbicide formulations. Dicamba: Dicamba is effective against various broadleaf weeds, including clover. It’s used in selective herbicide products for lawns and landscapes. 2,4-D: This is one of the most widely used selective herbicides for controlling broadleaf weeds, including white clover, in lawns. Quinclorac: Although mainly used to control annual grasses, quinclorac can also have some efficacy against certain broadleaf weeds like Trifolium repens.

Non-Selective herbicides

Glyphosate: Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used non-selective herbicides. It effectively kills most types of plants, including Trifolium repens. However, it’s essential to avoid spraying it on desirable plants, as it can cause significant damage. Glufosinate: Glufosinate is another non-selective herbicide that can be used to control a wide range of weeds, including Trifolium repens. Like glyphosate, it should be used with care to avoid damaging non-target plants. Paraquat: Paraquat is a fast-acting herbicide that damages plant cells upon contact, leading to rapid desiccation and death. It’s often used in non-selective weed control.

alaska arizona arkansas california colorado connecticut delaware florida hawaii idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new-hampshire new-jersey new-mexico new-york north-carolina north-dakota ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania rhode-island south-carolina south-dakota tennessee texas utah vermont virginia washington west-virginia wisconsin wyomingScientific Name Trifolium repens Other Names Dutch Clover, Ladino Clover, Shamrock Leaf Type Broadleaf Flowers White clover flowers are small and delicate, and they form in clusters at the top of long, thin stems. Each flower consists of a round, white or pinkish globe made up of many tiny individual flowers, which give it a fuzzy appearance. The globe is surrounded by three heart-shaped petals, which are often tinged with pink or purple at the base. When the flowers are in bloom, they attract bees and other pollinators with their sweet scent and nectar. Overall, the flowers have a simple yet charming beauty that adds to the plant’s appeal. Leaves White clover has leaves that are made up of three small leaflets, each one resembling a tiny, heart-shaped leaf. The leaflets are usually a light green color, and they are soft and slightly fuzzy to the touch. They grow on long, thin stems that radiate out from the center of the plant, creating a circular pattern. The leaves have a slightly sweet smell, especially when they are freshly cut or crushed. Overall, the leaves have a simple yet pleasing appearance, and they are an important feature of the plant’s overall shape and texture. Life Cycle Perennial

DESCRIPTION

Wild violet is a plant that you might find growing in a forest or on the edge of a field. It has pretty heart-shaped leaves that look like they belong in a fairy tale. The flowers are a lovely purple or blue-violet color, and they might remind you of pansies or other similar flowers. Wild violets are popular in gardens because they’re easy to take care of and they add a pop of color. Overall, they’re a sweet and charming plant that adds a touch of whimsy to any outdoor space. Some people consider wild violet to be a weed because it can grow very easily and quickly, even in areas where it’s not wanted. Its ability to spread and establish itself in lawns, gardens, and other areas can make it difficult to control and can sometimes crowd out other plants that people may prefer to have in those spaces. Additionally, wild violets can be difficult to remove completely, as they have deep roots and can re-grow from small pieces of the root system.

HOW TO IDENTIFY

Identifying wild violet is relatively easy if you know what to look for. The plant is relatively small and low-growing, with heart-shaped leaves that are slightly wavy around the edges. The leaves grow on individual stems that emerge from the ground, and they’re a medium to dark green color. Wild violet produces pretty purple or blue-violet flowers with five rounded petals that overlap slightly. The flowers grow on thin stems that emerge from the base of the plant. The plant itself spreads out over the ground, and it can form dense patches if left to grow unchecked. So, if you see a small plant with heart-shaped leaves, purple or blue-violet flowers, and a spreading growth pattern, there’s a good chance that it’s wild violet.

Mechanical Control Recommendations Hand pulling For small infestations, hand pulling the violets can be effective. Make sure to remove as much of the root system as possible to prevent regrowth. Mowing Regular mowing can help keep the violets from flowering and setting seed. Cutting the plants before they can produce seeds will reduce their ability to spread. Digging Using a shovel or spade to dig out the violets, especially in the early spring or late fall when the soil is moist, can help remove the entire plant including the roots. Aeration Aerating your lawn can help reduce the violets’ ability to establish themselves, as it disrupts the compacted soil that they prefer. Landscape Fabric If the violets are in garden beds, covering the area with landscape fabric or thick layers of mulch can help smother the plants and prevent sunlight from reaching them. Repeated Cultivation Continuously disturbing the soil where the violets are growing can weaken their root systems over time. Be persistent and keep cultivating the area regularly. Using a Sod Cutter If the violets have spread over a larger area of lawn, using a sod cutter to remove the affected turf can be an effective method. Boiling Water Pouring boiling water directly onto the violets can scorch and kill the plants. However, this method should be used with caution, as it can also harm nearby desirable plants. Pre-emergent herbicides

Prodiamine: This is a commonly used pre-emergent herbicide that provides effective control of a wide range of weeds, including Viola sororia. It’s usually applied in early spring before the violets germinate. Dithiopyr: Dithiopyr is another pre-emergent herbicide that can be effective against Viola sororia. It has both pre-emergent and early post-emergent activity. Isoxaben: Isoxaben is a pre-emergent herbicide that works by preventing cell wall formation in germinating seeds. It can be effective against Viola sororia if applied before their seeds start to germinate. Oryzalin: Oryzalin is a pre-emergent herbicide that can be used to control Viola sororia. It’s important to apply it before the violets begin germinating. Pendimethalin: This herbicide is effective against a variety of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, including Viola sororia. It’s usually applied in early spring. Benefin: Benefin is a pre-emergent herbicide that can provide control over Viola sororia if applied before the seeds germinate.

Post-emergent herbicides

Triclopyr: Triclopyr is a selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds and is often effective against violets. It’s important to follow the product instructions carefully to avoid damaging desirable plants. 2,4-D: This is a commonly used post-emergent herbicide for broadleaf weed control, including violets. It’s important to use it as directed and avoid overspray on desirable plants. Dicamba: Dicamba is another selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds. It can be effective against violets, but caution is needed to prevent drift and damage to nearby plants. Metsulfuron-methyl: This herbicide is often used for more challenging weed species, including violets. It’s important to follow label instructions carefully to avoid harming desirable plants. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is a post-emergent herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds and can be effective against violets. Use it according to the label instructions to prevent damage to non-target plants. Quinclorac: Quinclorac is a herbicide that targets both broadleaf weeds and some grasses. It may provide control over violets in certain situations. Glyphosate: Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can kill a wide range of plants, including violets. However, caution is needed as it will harm any plants it comes in contact with, including desirable ones.

Selective herbicides

Triclopyr: Triclopyr is often effective against violets and other broadleaf weeds. It can be used in lawns without harming most grasses. Always read and follow label instructions to avoid damaging desirable plants. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a common broadleaf herbicide used in lawns. It targets many broadleaf weeds, including violets, while leaving most grasses unharmed. Careful application is essential to prevent damage to non-target plants. Metsulfuron-methyl: This herbicide can provide effective control over violets and other broadleaf weeds in lawns. Use it according to label instructions to avoid damaging desirable plants. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is another selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds, including violets. It’s often used in turf and has minimal impact on grasses when used as directed. Dicamba: Dicamba is a broadleaf herbicide that can be used selectively in lawns to control violets and similar weeds. Proper application is crucial to prevent off-target damage. Quinclorac: Quinclorac targets both broadleaf weeds and some grasses. It can provide control over violets in lawns without harming most grass species. Atrazine: Atrazine is a selective herbicide often used in warm-season grass lawns. It can help control violets and other broadleaf weeds while sparing desirable grasses. Fluroxypyr: Fluroxypyr is a selective herbicide that targets many broadleaf weeds, including violets. It’s often used in lawns and pasture settings.

Non-Selective herbicides

Glyphosate: Glyphosate is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides. It effectively kills most plants it comes into contact with, including violets. It’s commonly used for spot treatment or in areas where you want to completely clear vegetation. Be cautious, as it will kill all plants, including grasses and desirable plants. Glufosinate: Glufosinate is another non-selective herbicide that can effectively control violets. Like glyphosate, it will kill both weeds and desirable plants. Use it with care to avoid harming non-target vegetation. Diquat: Diquat is a fast-acting non-selective herbicide that can be used for quick spot treatments. It can help control violets, but it’s not a systemic herbicide, so it primarily affects the parts of the plant it directly contacts. Pelargonic Acid: Also known as “”horticultural vinegar”” or “”weed vinegar,”” pelargonic acid-based herbicides can provide non-selective control over violets and other weeds. They are contact herbicides and work by drying out the plant’s foliage. Sodium Chlorate: Sodium chlorate is a powerful non-selective herbicide that can be used to kill violets and other vegetation. It’s typically used for vegetation control in non-crop areas.

arkansas connecticut delaware florida illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri nebraska new-hampshire new-jersey new-york north-carolina north-dakota ohio oklahoma pennsylvania rhode-island south-carolina south-dakota tennessee texas vermont virginia west-virginia wisconsinScientific Name Viola sororia Other Names Common Blue Violet, Wood Violet, Hooded Blue Violet, Purple Violet, Woolly Blue Violet, Confederate Violet, Dooryard Violet Leaf Type Broadleaf Flowers Wild violet flowers are delicate and pretty. They typically have five petals, which are a soft purple or blue-violet color, and they have a small yellow center. The petals of the flowers are rounded and overlap slightly, giving them a sort of “frilly” appearance. The flowers grow on thin stems that emerge from the base of the plant and they tend to bloom in early spring or early summer, depending on the climate. Leaves The leaves of wild violet are heart-shaped and somewhat rounded, with a slightly wavy or scalloped edge. They have a soft, smooth texture and are typically a medium to dark green color, although some variations may have slightly lighter or darker leaves. The leaves are usually not very large, and they grow on individual stems that emerge from the ground. Life Cycle Annual & Perennial

DESCRIPTION

Yellow sweet clover is a type of weed that is known for its yellow flowers and sweet fragrance. It is often found in fields and along roadsides, and can grow quite tall, up to 6 feet in some cases. Despite its sweet smell, it is not typically used for culinary purposes, as it can have a bitter taste. It is considered a weed because it can be invasive and compete with other plants for resources.

HOW TO IDENTIFY

Yellow sweet clover can be identified by its tall, slender stems and small, yellow flowers that grow in clusters. The flowers have a sweet smell, similar to vanilla or freshly cut hay. The leaves of the plant are small and green, and grow in groups of three on long, thin stems. They have a slightly fuzzy texture and are mildly fragrant when crushed. The plant is typically found in fields and along roadsides, and can grow quite tall, up to 6 feet in some cases. It is considered a weed because it can be invasive and compete with other plants for resources.

Mechanical Control Recommendations Mowing Regular mowing can prevent Melilotus officinalis from flowering and setting seeds, which will help reduce its population over time. Mowing should be done before the plants flower and produce seeds. However, this method may not completely eradicate the plants as they can regrow from the base. Cutting and Uprooting Cutting the plants at ground level or uprooting them can be effective, especially when combined with proper disposal of the plant material. Be sure to remove the cut plants and dispose of them properly to prevent reseeding. Tilling Tilling the soil can disrupt the root system and damage the plants. This method is more effective in areas where Melilotus officinalis is not well-established, as tilling can also disturb the soil and promote the germination of dormant seeds. Smothering Covering the affected area with a dense, light-blocking material such as cardboard or heavy mulch can smother the plants and prevent their growth. This method is especially useful for small infestations. Grazing In some cases, controlled grazing by livestock or other animals can help manage Melilotus officinalis. Livestock feeding can prevent the plants from flowering and setting seeds, reducing their spread. However, this method requires careful management to prevent overgrazing and soil compaction. Prescribed Burning In areas where burning is feasible and safe, controlled burns can be used to remove vegetation, including Melilotus officinalis. This method is more suitable for larger areas and should be carried out by trained professionals to ensure safety. Repeated Disturbance Repeatedly disturbing the soil and the plants through methods like raking, harrowing, or cultivating can weaken the plants and prevent their growth over time. This method may work best when combined with other control strategies. Pre-emergent herbicides

Atrazine: Atrazine is commonly used to control grassy and broadleaf weeds in agricultural and non-crop areas. It can provide pre-emergent control of some broadleaf weeds, but its effectiveness against Melilotus officinalis may vary. Isoxaben: Isoxaben is used to control broadleaf weeds and is often found in lawn weed control products. It acts by inhibiting cell wall formation in germinating weed seeds. Pendimethalin: Pendimethalin is effective against many grassy and broadleaf weeds. It forms a barrier in the soil that prevents weed seeds from germinating. Prodiamine: Prodiamine is commonly used in turfgrass management and controls a range of grassy and broadleaf weeds. It can provide pre-emergent control by inhibiting cell division in germinating seeds. Dithiopyr: Dithiopyr is often used in lawn care to control both grassy and broadleaf weeds. It can provide pre-emergent and early post-emergent control.

Post-emergent herbicides

2,4-D: 2,4-D is a commonly used selective herbicide for controlling broadleaf weeds in various settings. It’s often used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Dicamba: Dicamba is another selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds. It’s often used in combination with other herbicides for more comprehensive control. Triclopyr: Triclopyr is effective against many woody and broadleaf plants. It can be used in both grassy and non-grassy areas. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is often used to control certain tough broadleaf weeds, including legumes like clover. It can be effective when used as a spot treatment. Metsulfuron-methyl: This herbicide is effective against a range of broadleaf weeds, including some legumes. It’s commonly used in turfgrass and non-crop areas. Glyphosate: Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can control a wide range of weeds, including broadleaf and grassy weeds. However, it will also kill desirable plants, so caution is needed when using it in areas with non-target vegetation.

Selective herbicides

2,4-D: A widely used selective herbicide for controlling broadleaf weeds in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. It may provide some control over Melilotus officinalis due to its broad-spectrum activity. Dicamba: Another selective herbicide effective against broadleaf weeds. It’s often used in combination with other herbicides for comprehensive control. Clopyralid: Clopyralid targets broadleaf weeds, including some legumes. It might have some efficacy against Melilotus officinalis, but careful application is needed to avoid harming desirable plants. MCPA: MCPA is used to control a variety of broadleaf weeds in lawns, turf, and non-crop areas. Triclopyr: While effective against woody plants, triclopyr might have some impact on certain broadleaf weeds. It’s used in both grassy and non-grassy areas. Fluroxypyr: Fluroxypyr targets many broadleaf weeds and is used in various settings. Quinclorac: Quinclorac is used to control broadleaf and grassy weeds in lawns and turf.

Non-Selective herbicides

Glyphosate: Glyphosate is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides. It kills a broad spectrum of plants, both grasses and broadleaf weeds. It’s important to note that glyphosate can affect desirable plants as well, so it should be applied with caution and targeted carefully to avoid damage to non-target vegetation. Glufosinate: Glufosinate is another non-selective herbicide that can control a wide range of weeds, including both grasses and broadleaf plants. Like glyphosate, it can also impact non-target plants. Diquat: Diquat is a contact herbicide that affects the green tissue of plants it comes into direct contact with. It’s often used for spot treatments in non-crop areas. Paraquat: Paraquat is another contact herbicide that damages plant tissues on contact. It’s used for various weed control applications, including non-crop areas. Pelargonic acid: This is a naturally occurring fatty acid that acts as a desiccant, causing rapid dehydration of plant tissues. It’s commonly used in organic gardening and as a spot treatment. Sodium Chlorate: Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizing herbicide that can kill a wide range of plants. It’s often used for vegetation control in non-crop areas.

alaska arizona arkansas california colorado connecticut delaware florida hawaii idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new-hampshire new-jersey new-mexico new-york north-carolina north-dakota ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania rhode-island south-carolina south-dakota tennessee texas utah vermont virginia washington west-virginia wisconsin wyomingScientific Name Melilotus officinalis Other Names Yellow Melilot, Ribbed Melilot, King’s Clover, Honey Clover, Sweet Clover Leaf Type Broadleaf Flowers The flowers of yellow sweet clover are small and yellow, and they grow in clusters on tall, slender stems. They have a sweet, pleasant fragrance that is similar to vanilla or freshly cut hay. When the flowers bloom in the summer, they can attract bees and other pollinators. Despite their small size, they can be quite numerous and give the plant a bright, cheerful appearance. Leaves The leaves of yellow sweet clover are small and green, and they grow in groups of three on long, thin stems. They are soft and delicate to the touch, with a slightly fuzzy texture. The leaves have a mild, earthy smell when crushed, but they do not have a strong aroma like the flowers. The edges of the leaves are slightly serrated, giving them a jagged appearance. Overall, the leaves are unremarkable in appearance. Life Cycle Perennial

DESCRIPTION

Yellow salsify is a plant that is known for its bright yellow flowers that resemble dandelions. It grows tall and thin, with long, narrow leaves that are slightly prickly to the touch. The plant produces a tall stem that holds the flower head high above the surrounding foliage. When the flowers die, they turn into fluffy, white seed heads that blow in the wind like miniature parachutes. Some people consider yellow salsify to be a weed, as it can be found growing in gardens, lawns, and along roadsides. Despite its weedy reputation, many people enjoy the bright yellow flowers and consider them to be a cheerful addition to the landscape.”

HOW TO IDENTIFY

Yellow salsify can be easily identified by its bright yellow flowers that resemble dandelions, as well as its long, thin, slightly prickly leaves. The plant can grow up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) tall and has a long, slender stem that holds the flower head high above the foliage. When the flowers die, they turn into fluffy, white seed heads that blow in the wind like miniature parachutes. The plant can often be found growing in gardens, lawns, and along roadsides.

Mechanical Control Recommendations Hand pulling For smaller infestations, hand pulling can be effective. Be sure to remove the entire root to prevent regrowth. This method is labor-intensive but can work well if done consistently. Mowing Regular mowing can prevent Tragopogon dubius from producing flowers and seeds. Cutting the plant before it goes to seed will significantly reduce its ability to spread. Tilling Tilling or plowing the soil can disrupt the growth of Tragopogon dubius by uprooting the plants. This is most effective when done before the plants have a chance to flower and set seed. Mulching Applying a thick layer of organic mulch can smother the plants and prevent them from receiving sunlight, hindering their growth. This method is best used in combination with other control techniques. Grazing In areas where livestock graze, allowing them to feed on Tragopogon dubius can help keep its growth in check. However, this method requires careful management to avoid overgrazing and damage to desirable vegetation. Solarization This method involves covering the infested area with a clear plastic sheet, which heats up the soil and kills the plants and seeds through solar energy. Solarization works best during the hot summer months. Flaming Using a propane torch to apply controlled flames to the plants can cause them to wither and die. This method should be used with caution, especially in dry areas where the risk of fire is high. Mechanical Cultivation Using tools like hoes, shovels, or weeders to manually remove the plants can be effective, especially for isolated patches. Barrier Methods Creating physical barriers such as landscape fabric or cardboard covered with mulch can prevent Tragopogon dubius from growing through. Regular Maintenance Consistent monitoring and maintenance are essential to prevent the reestablishment of Tragopogon dubius. Regularly inspect the area and promptly remove any new growth. Pre-emergent herbicides

Glyphosate: While typically used as a post-emergent herbicide, glyphosate can also be used as a pre-emergent in some situations. It’s effective against a broad spectrum of weeds, but keep in mind that it can also affect non-target plants, so use it with caution. Oryzalin: Oryzalin is commonly used as a pre-emergent herbicide for broadleaf and grassy weeds. It can provide good control of Tragopogon dubius when applied before its seeds germinate. Pendimethalin: Pendimethalin is effective against many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It forms a barrier in the soil that prevents weed seedlings from emerging. Dithiopyr: Dithiopyr is a pre-emergent herbicide that provides control against a variety of grasses and broadleaf weeds. It’s commonly used on lawns and ornamental landscapes. Isoxaben: This herbicide is effective against many broadleaf weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It’s often used in ornamental beds and landscapes. Prodiamine: Prodiamine is known for its long-lasting control of a wide range of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It’s commonly used on turfgrass and landscapes.

Post-emergent herbicides

2,4-D: This herbicide is effective against a wide range of broadleaf weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It’s commonly used on lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Dicamba: Dicamba is another broadleaf herbicide that targets a variety of weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It’s often used in lawns, agricultural fields, and non-crop areas. MCPA: MCPA is a selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds like Tragopogon dubius. It’s commonly used on lawns and turfgrass. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is effective against many broadleaf weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It’s often used in pastures, rangelands, and non-crop areas. Glyphosate: Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can effectively control Tragopogon dubius and many other weeds. However, be cautious when using it in areas with desirable plants, as it can kill any vegetation it comes into contact with. Sulfentrazone: Sulfentrazone is effective against a variety of broadleaf weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It’s often used in lawns, landscapes, and non-crop areas. Triclopyr: Triclopyr targets a range of broadleaf weeds and woody plants. It’s often used to control invasive plants and is effective against Tragopogon dubius.

Selective herbicides

2,4-D: This is a widely used selective herbicide for controlling broadleaf weeds in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. It’s effective against Tragopogon dubius and many other broadleaf weeds. MCPA: MCPA is another selective herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds like Tragopogon dubius. It’s often used on lawns and turfgrass. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is effective against a range of broadleaf weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. It’s commonly used in pastures, rangelands, and non-crop areas. Triclopyr: Triclopyr is effective against a variety of broadleaf weeds and woody plants. It’s often used to control invasive plants and can be effective against Tragopogon dubius. Dicamba: Dicamba is used to control broadleaf weeds in various settings, including lawns, agricultural fields, and non-crop areas. Aminopyralid: Aminopyralid is known for its long-lasting control of certain tough broadleaf weeds. It’s used in various applications, including pastures, rangelands, and non-crop areas. Fluroxypyr: Fluroxypyr is effective against many broadleaf weeds and is often used in lawns, turfgrass, and non-crop areas.

Non-Selective herbicides

Glyphosate: Glyphosate is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides. It effectively kills a broad range of plants, including Tragopogon dubius. However, be cautious when using glyphosate around desirable plants, as it will kill any vegetation it contacts. Glufosinate: Glufosinate is another non-selective herbicide that can control a variety of weeds, including Tragopogon dubius. Like glyphosate, it should be used with caution to prevent damage to non-target plants. Paraquat: Paraquat is a fast-acting non-selective herbicide that can effectively control weeds like Tragopogon dubius. It’s often used in non-crop areas and industrial settings. Diquat: Diquat is another non-selective herbicide that can provide quick control of a wide range of weeds. It’s often used in aquatic environments and non-crop areas. Pelargonic Acid: This herbicide is derived from natural sources and works by desiccating plant tissues. It’s non-selective and can provide relatively quick results.

arizona arkansas california colorado connecticut delaware idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota missouri montana nebraska nevada new-hampshire new-jersey new-mexico new-york north-carolina north-dakota ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania rhode-island south-dakota tennessee texas utah vermont virginia washington west-virginia wisconsin wyomingScientific Name Tragopogon dubius Other Names Yellow Oyster Plant, Western Salsify, Yellow Goat’s Beard, Common Salsify Leaf Type Broadleaf Flowers The flowers of yellow salsify look a lot like dandelion flowers, with bright yellow petals arranged in a circular shape around a central disk. The petals are thin and delicate, and they radiate outwards from the center of the flower. The center of the flower is made up of many tiny little florets that are tightly packed together, and they can appear brown or black in color. The flowers can grow up to 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide, and they have a bright and sunny appearance that can add a pop of color to any landscape. Leaves The leaves of yellow salsify are long and narrow, with a slightly prickly texture when touched. They grow directly from the stem of the plant and are arranged alternately along its length. The leaves have a slightly wavy edge and are smooth to the touch, with a light green color. They can grow up to 12 inches (30 cm) long and 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide, and they taper off at the tip. The leaves can also have a slightly hairy or fuzzy appearance, which can make them look a bit more textured. Life Cycle Annual & Biennial

DESCRIPTION

Smartweed is a plant that grows in damp areas like wetlands, marshes, and the banks of streams or ponds. It’s a green, leafy plant that can grow up to 3 feet tall. When you touch or crush the leaves, they have a spicy or peppery smell. The flowers are small and pink or white and grow in clusters on the stems. It’s called “smartweed” because it was once believed that the plant could improve brain function. Smartweed has been used for centuries as an herbal remedy for various ailments such as inflammation and pain. It is also a food source for ducks and geese.

HOW TO IDENTIFY

Smartweed is a plant that can be identified by several characteristics. It tends to grow in wet or damp areas such as marshes, swamps, and the edges of streams or ponds. Look for green and oval-shaped leaves with a pointed tip and smooth edges. When you touch or crush the leaves, they emit a spicy or peppery smell. Smartweed produces small and delicate flowers in clusters that are pink or white in color and have several tiny petals that form a teardrop or oval shape. The stem of smartweed is usually green or reddish-brown, slender, and can grow up to several feet tall.

Mechanical Control Recommendations Hand pulling For smaller infestations, hand-pulling can be effective. Make sure to remove the entire plant, including the roots, to prevent regrowth. This method is best suited for areas where the plant has not spread extensively. Mowing or Cutting Regular mowing or cutting of the plants can help weaken their growth over time. Be sure to cut the plants before they go to seed to prevent further spread. This method is most effective when combined with other control methods. Tilling Tilling the soil can disrupt the root systems of the plants and prevent regrowth. However, tilling should be done carefully in wetland areas to avoid causing damage to the ecosystem. Smothering Covering the infested area with thick layers of mulch or black plastic can help smother the plants and prevent sunlight from reaching them, ultimately killing them off. Flooding Since Polygonum hydropiperoides thrives in wetland areas, altering the water levels could help control its growth. Flooding the area for an extended period can drown the plants and prevent their growth. However, this should be done cautiously to avoid harming other wetland species. Grazing In some cases, controlled grazing by livestock or appropriate herbivores can help keep Polygonum hydropiperoides in check. However, this method requires careful management to avoid overgrazing and to ensure that native vegetation isn’t damaged. Mechanical Removal Tools There are specialized tools such as weed wrenches or pullers designed to remove invasive plants more effectively. These tools help you grip the plant near the base and remove it along with the roots. Mechanical Harvesting Using mechanical equipment like aquatic weed harvesters can help remove large quantities of the plants from water bodies. Regular harvesting can help manage the population and prevent excessive growth. Pre-emergent herbicides

Trifluralin: This is a selective pre-emergent herbicide used to control a wide range of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It’s often applied to the soil before weed seeds germinate. Oryzalin: Oryzalin is another pre-emergent herbicide that targets a variety of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It’s often used in turf and landscape settings. Prodiamine: This herbicide is commonly used to prevent the germination of broadleaf weeds and grasses. It’s often applied to lawns, golf courses, and ornamental landscapes. Isoxaben: Isoxaben is a pre-emergent herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds in landscapes, nurseries, and non-crop areas. It can provide some suppression of certain broadleaf weeds. Dithiopyr: While dithiopyr is primarily used for grassy weed control, it can also offer some control of certain broadleaf weeds. It’s used in lawns and turf areas. Benefin: Benefin is a pre-emergent herbicide that targets grassy and broadleaf weeds. It’s often used in lawns and turf settings.

Post-emergent herbicides

2,4-D: This is a common post-emergent herbicide that targets broadleaf weeds. It’s often used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Dicamba: Dicamba is another broadleaf herbicide used for post-emergent control of various broadleaf weeds. It’s used in a variety of settings, including lawns and agricultural fields. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is effective against many broadleaf weeds and is often used in turf and non-crop areas. It might provide some control for Polygonum hydropiperoides. Triclopyr: Triclopyr is used to control a wide range of broadleaf weeds and woody plants. It’s applied to various settings, including lawns, pastures, and industrial sites. Metsulfuron-methyl: While primarily used for controlling grassy weeds, this herbicide might offer some suppression of certain broadleaf weeds, including Polygonum hydropiperoides. Glyphosate: Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can control a wide range of plants, including broadleaf weeds. However, it should be used with caution, as it can harm non-target plants.

Selective herbicides

2,4-D: This is a widely used selective herbicide that targets many broadleaf weeds while leaving grasses largely unaffected. It’s used in various settings, including lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Triclopyr: Triclopyr is effective against many broadleaf weeds and woody plants. It’s often used in turf, rights-of-way, and industrial sites. Clopyralid: Clopyralid is selective for broadleaf weeds and is commonly used in turf and non-crop areas. MCPA: MCPA is another selective herbicide used to control various broadleaf weeds in grassy areas. Chlorsulfuron: While primarily used for controlling grassy weeds, chlorsulfuron might provide some suppression of certain broadleaf weeds. Aminopyralid: Aminopyralid is used to control a wide range of broadleaf weeds, including invasive and noxious species. It’s often used in pastures, rangeland, and non-crop areas. Quinclorac: Quinclorac is effective against many broadleaf weeds, including those in turfgrass areas.

Non-Selective herbicides

Glyphosate: Glyphosate is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides. It kills a broad range of plants by interfering with their ability to produce essential proteins. It’s commonly used for large-scale vegetation control and in areas where reseeding or planting new vegetation is planned after treatment. Glufosinate: Glufosinate is another non-selective herbicide that disrupts plant metabolism and is effective against a variety of weeds. It’s often used in non-crop areas, such as industrial sites and along roadsides. Diquat: Diquat is a contact herbicide that rapidly affects plant cells upon contact. It’s often used for controlling emergent aquatic and terrestrial weeds in areas like ponds, lakes, and along waterways. Paraquat: Paraquat is a fast-acting contact herbicide that affects plant tissues upon contact. It’s often used in agricultural and non-crop areas. Imazapyr: Imazapyr is a herbicide used for long-lasting control of a broad spectrum of plants. It’s often used in non-crop areas like rights-of-way and industrial sites.

alaska arizona arkansas california connecticut delaware florida idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new-hampshire new-jersey new-mexico new-york north-carolina north-dakota ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania rhode-island south-carolina south-dakota tennessee texas vermont virginia washington west-virginia wisconsinScientific Name Polygonum hydropiperoides Other Names Water Pepper, Knotweed, Biting Knotweed, Mild Water Pepper, Swamp Smartweed, Pinkweed, Redshank, Persicaria, Lady’s Thumb, Spotted Lady’s Thumb Leaf Type Broadleaf Flowers Smartweed flowers are small and delicate, with a pink or white color. They grow in clusters on long stems that rise above the plant’s leaves. The flowers are made up of several tiny petals that form a shape similar to a teardrop or oval. When in bloom, these clusters of flowers can create a beautiful and eye-catching display. Smartweed flowers attract bees and other pollinators that help the plant reproduce. After pollination, the flowers give way to small seeds that are dispersed by the wind and water, allowing the plant to spread and grow in new areas. Leaves Smartweed leaves are green and oval-shaped, with pointed tips and smooth edges. They can grow up to a few inches long and are arranged alternately on the stem of the plant. When you touch or crush the leaves, they emit a spicy or peppery smell, which is why the plant is sometimes called “pepperweed”. The leaves have a slightly glossy texture and are attached to the stem by a short, slender stalk. Smartweed leaves can vary in size and shape depending on the specific species and growth conditions, but they all share the characteristic spicy scent when disturbed. Life Cycle Annual & Perennial

DESCRIPTION

Shepherd’s purse is a type of weed that is commonly found in gardens, fields, and other open spaces. It has small, white flowers and distinctive seed pods that are shaped like tiny purses, hence the name. Despite being a weed, shepherd’s purse is actually edible and has been used for centuries in herbal medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Some people even use it as a food ingredient, adding the leaves or seeds to salads, soups, and other dishes.

HOW TO IDENTIFY

Identifying Shepherd’s purse is relatively easy. Look for a low-growing plant with a rosette of long, narrow leaves that have a slightly spiky appearance. The leaves grow close to the ground and are usually a medium to dark shade of green. In the spring and early summer, the plant produces small, delicate white flowers with four petals that are arranged in a cross shape. These flowers give way to distinctive seed pods that are shaped like tiny purses, giving the plant its name. The seed pods are usually arranged in a long, narrow cluster along a single stem that rises above the leaves.

Mechanical Control Recommendations Hand pulling This is the simplest and most direct method. Regularly walking through the area and hand pulling the plants before they set seed can prevent their spread. Make sure to remove the entire root system to prevent regrowth. Mowing or Cutting Frequent mowing or cutting can prevent the plants from flowering and setting seed. However, this may not eliminate the weed entirely, as it can regrow from its base. Tilling or Cultivating Rototilling the soil can disrupt the growth of shepherd’s purse and bury its seeds deeper in the soil, reducing their germination rate. However, tilling can also bring buried seeds to the surface, potentially leading to increased germination in the short term. Mulching Applying a thick layer of organic mulch, such as straw or wood chips, can help suppress the growth of shepherd’s purse by blocking sunlight and preventing its seeds from reaching the soil. Make sure the mulch layer is thick enough to effectively block light. Flaming Using a propane torch or flamer to expose the plants to high temperatures can kill the tops of the plants and damage the young seedlings. This method requires caution to avoid damaging desirable plants nearby. Hoeing or Weed Cutting Tools Using a hoe or other specialized weed-cutting tools can be effective in cutting down the plants at or just below the soil surface. This disrupts their growth and prevents flowering. Weed Eating Using a string trimmer or weed eater to cut down the plants can prevent them from flowering and setting seed. However, like mowing, this method may not eliminate the weed completely. Bio Mulching This involves covering the soil with biodegradable materials like cardboard or newspaper and then applying mulch on top. This creates a barrier that suppresses weed growth. Over time, the materials break down and enrich the soil. Crop Rotation If Capsella bursa-pastoris is a recurring issue in a specific area, consider rotating crops or plants to disrupt the weed’s life cycle. Pre-emergent herbicides

Prodiamine: Effective against a variety of broadleaf weeds and grasses. It’s commonly used in lawns, turfgrass, and ornamental landscapes. Dithiopyr: Provides pre-emergent control against both annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds. Suitable for use in lawns and ornamental areas. Pendimethalin: Effective against a wide range of annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds. Often used in lawns, gardens, and non-crop areas. Oryzalin: Controls various annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Suitable for lawns, landscapes, and gardens. Isoxaben: Primarily targets broadleaf weeds in ornamental landscapes and gardens. Trifluralin: Offers pre-emergent control against a range of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Used in lawns, gardens, and agricultural crops. Benefin: Effective against annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds. Used in turfgrass and non-crop areas. Indaziflam: Provides long-lasting residual control against annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Used in turf and non-crop areas. Dimethenamid-P: Controls specific annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Suitable for turf and ornamental landscapes.

Post-emergent herbicides

2,4-D: A widely used selective herbicide effective against many broadleaf weeds, including shepherd’s purse. It’s commonly used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Dicamba: Another selective herbicide effective against broadleaf weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Often used in combination with other herbicides. Be cautious of drift to non-target plants. Metsulfuron-methyl: Effective against a variety of broadleaf weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Triclopyr: Effective on a variety of broadleaf weeds, including woody plants. Used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Carfentrazone-ethyl: A quick-acting herbicide effective against broadleaf weeds. Used in turf, landscapes, and non-crop areas. Sulfentrazone: Controls both broadleaf and grassy weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Often used in turf, ornamental landscapes, and non-crop areas. Fenoxaprop: Primarily targets grassy weeds, but it can also provide some control over broadleaf weeds like shepherd’s purse. Used in lawns and turfgrass. Glyphosate: A non-selective herbicide effective against a wide range of weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Used for total vegetation control in non-crop areas.

Selective herbicides

2,4-D: Widely used for controlling broadleaf weeds, including shepherd’s purse. It’s commonly used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Dicamba: Effective against a variety of broadleaf weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Often used in combination with other herbicides. MCPA: Selective herbicide targeting broadleaf weeds. Used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Triclopyr: Effective against a wide range of broadleaf weeds, including woody plants. Used in lawns, pastures, and non-crop areas. Carfentrazone-ethyl: Quick-acting herbicide effective against various broadleaf weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Used in turf, landscapes, and non-crop areas. Sulfentrazone: Controls both broadleaf and grassy weeds, including shepherd’s purse. Often used in turf, ornamental landscapes, and non-crop areas. Fenoxaprop: Primarily targets grassy weeds, but it can also provide some control over broadleaf weeds like shepherd’s purse. Used in lawns and turfgrass. Clopyralid: Selective herbicide effective against many broadleaf weeds, including some tough ones. Used in turf and non-crop areas.

Non-Selective herbicides

Glyphosate: One of the most well-known non-selective herbicides. It effectively kills a broad spectrum of plants, including shepherd’s purse. It’s commonly used for total vegetation control in non-crop areas. Glufosinate: Another non-selective herbicide effective against a wide range of plants, including broadleaf and grassy weeds. It’s often used in non-crop areas and as a desiccant in certain crops. Diquat: Kills plants on contact and is often used for aquatic weed control. It’s not as systemic as glyphosate, so it’s generally best suited for spot treatments. Paraquat: A contact herbicide that rapidly kills plants by disrupting their cell membranes. It’s often used for weed control in non-crop areas.

Scientific Name Capsella bursa-pastoris Other Names Mother’s Heart, Shepherd’s Pouch, Pickpocket, Pepper-and-Salt Leaf Type Broadleaf Flowers Shepherd’s purse has small, delicate flowers that are usually white in color. Each flower has four petals that are arranged in the shape of a cross, giving the flower a slightly star-like appearance. The petals are usually shorter than the seed pods and are held up on thin, wiry stems. When the flowers first appear, they are tightly closed and look like tiny buds, but as they mature, the petals open up and the flower takes on a more distinct shape. Overall, the flowers are quite pretty and add a touch of charm to an otherwise unremarkable weed. Leaves Shepherd’s purse leaves are long and narrow, with a slightly jagged or toothed edge. They have a bit of a spiky appearance, like the edge of a saw blade, but are still relatively soft to the touch. The leaves grow in a rosette shape close to the ground, with the younger leaves located in the center and the older ones radiating outwards. The color of the leaves is a medium to dark green, with a slightly waxy texture. They are not very large, usually no more than a few inches long, and have a slightly oval or lance-shaped appearance. Overall, the leaves of shepherd’s purse are simple but attractive in their own way. Life Cycle Annual